浅谈修购专项实施方案编制常见的问题及建议

中央级科学事业单位修缮购置专项项目实施方案是项目预算执行、监督检查、项目验收和绩效考评的重要依据。因此，编制实施方案是一项非常重要的基础性工作，其编制质量直接影响项目获批的金额、后期实施和项目验收。文章阐述了修购专项实施方案、基建项目初步设计和修购专项申报书的区别，结合项目实施方案编制实践，简单分析了实施方案编制中的常见问题、原因并针对原因提出了针对性的建议。     

氮肥用量对绿豆品种皖科绿3号农艺性状及氮肥利用率的影响

为了研究氮肥用量对绿豆品种皖科绿3号产量的影响,设计4种氮肥水平（0、30、60、90kg/hm ²）,对不同处理中植株地上部干物质积累、叶绿素含量、单株荚数、产量等性状进行分析。试验结果表明：增施氮肥有助于提高干物质积累和叶绿素含量,尤其在苗期和开花期可使绿豆保持较高的叶绿素含量。根瘤数量、鲜重和干重随着氮肥施用量的增加表现出先增加后减小的趋势。株高、分枝数随着施氮量的增加而增加。氮肥水平对单株荚数、产量和氮肥农学利用率的影响效果相似,随着氮肥水平的升高,这3种性状表现为先增加后减小的趋势,在60kg/hm ²的氮肥处理达最大值。该结果同时也表明氮肥主要通过单株荚数影响绿豆产量。氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量的增加显著下降。试验结果表明施用适量氮肥可提高绿豆的增产潜力,皖科绿3号在安徽省地区种植的适宜氮肥施用量为60kg/hm ²。     

基于格网的石漠化地区生态系统服务与经济空间耦合

[目的]分析石漠化地区生态系统服务价值与经济的空间耦合关系,为石漠化地区生态环境保护与社会经济协调发展提供依据。[方法]以贵州省盘州市为例,基于格网尺度,计算了研究区生态服务价值(ESV)与国内生产总值GDP,并利用耦合协调模型,对两者间的耦合协调发展程度进行定量评估。[结果]①盘州市ESV热点区主要分布在东北部的几个少数民族乡镇,冷点区主要分布在经济发展较快且城市化率较高的区域;②盘州市GDP在空间上呈现出局部高的特点,高值区主要集中在石桥镇、亦资街道、翰林街道等工业镇和政治、经济、文化中心;③盘州市ESV与GDP耦合协调度值较低,空间上存在明显的自相关性,耦合协调度较低的区域主要分布在盘州市东南部、北部以及中部;④盘州市ESV与GDP耦合协调度类型以严重失调衰退经济损益型为主,占区域总面积的79.95%。[结论]盘州市ESV与GDP在空间上存在一定矛盾,耦合协调度较低,兼顾生态环境保护与经济发展有助于提升协调度。     

Effect of oil source on growth performance,antioxidant capacity,fatty acid composition and fillet quality of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary use of vegetable oil sources in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were fed diets having the same lipid level from fish oil (FO), palm oil (PO), rapeseed oil (RO), soybean oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO). The results showed that dietary vegetable oils significantly decreased the feed utilization and a significantly lower growth was observed in SO group, while palm oil showed no effect on the growth performance. Dietary vegetable oils suppressed intestinal digestion by inhibiting the activities of digestive enzymes. Vegetable oils significantly elevated the activities of lipase, hepatic lipase and total lipase in liver, and a phenomenon of intense lipid accumulation emerged in liver of PO and SO groups. Furthermore, linseed oil significantly decreased plasma antioxidant capacity, whereas no significant difference was found between RO and FO groups. Dietary vegetable oils caused a significantly lower EPA and DHA in muscle, and further influenced fillet quality through an increase in cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and/or springiness, together with a decrease in hardness. Overall, our results indicated that rapeseed oil may be a suitable alternative oil source for grass carp from a point of growth, feed conversion ratio, antioxidative capacity and hepatic histology.     

池塘循环流水养殖模式配套草鱼鱼种养殖试验

为完善池塘循环流水养殖模式,满足大规格鱼种的需求,选择草鱼为研究对象,开展了配套草鱼鱼种的池塘养殖试验。试验分设7000和10000尾/亩(15亩=1 hm^2,下同)两个放养密度,每个密度设3个平行组。经过190多天的养殖,高、低密度试验组水质变化趋势一致。低密度组鱼种平均体质量为239.67g/尾,成活率75.48%,净产量18 856 kg。以200 g/尾的规格挑选,共选留59 300尾,选留率74.83%;高密度组鱼种平均体质量为179.33 g/尾,成活率93.97%,净产量23 471 kg。以200 g/尾的规格挑选,共选留55260尾,选留率42.00%。结果表明,虽然高密度组平均成活率和净产量均高于低密度组,但低密度组的平均规格和选留率均远高于高密度组,最后的选留量也高于高密度组,因此,7 000尾/亩的放养密度更加适合于池塘循环流水养殖模式配套草鱼鱼种养殖。     

基于遥感数据的大尺度区域水田空间格局及生态服务价值变化分析

受经济和气候驱动，长江经济带水田空间格局发生了显著变化，影响区域粮食安全与生态安全。本研究基于1990-2015年土地利用遥感监测数据，利用GIS的空间分析功能，探究长江经济带水田空间格局动态变化特征，采用当量因子法计算生态系统服务价值（ESV），分析了水田变化的综合影响。结果表明：1）1990-2015年长江经济带水田规模持续缩减，共减少了17390km²，减幅呈增长态势具有显著地域差异，长江中上游与下游的水田减幅相差约为9.56%。其中下游减幅较大，水田占区域比例随之降低，中上游恰好相反。2）由于经济建设及水产养殖的发展，水田主要转化为建设用地和水系，水田主要由水系、旱地和湿地等转化而来。长江三角洲城市群、长江中游及成渝城市群的水田变化最为剧烈，建设用地侵占水田扩张的现象分布广泛，水田转为水系主要在两湖平原局部地区。3）水田与其他生态系统的转化对ESV是正影响，水田转为水系对此贡献最大，其转化规模决定了不同时期ESV净增量的大小，水系转化为水田损失的价值最多，建设用地侵占水田次之。不同市域的水田变化情况不一致，因此ESV增减情况具有明显差异。4）生态系统服务中水文调节、水资源供给增强的同时，食物生产、气体调节受到严重损害，与水资源规模扩大和水田资源大量流失有直接关系。研究结果有助于揭示长江流域水田的时空变化过程及其对各项生态系统服务的影响，可为区域土地利用规划、农业政策与生态可持续发展提供理论支持。     

森林土壤动物生态功能研究进展

森林土壤动物是森林土壤生态系统中不可分割的重要组成部分，对森林土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动起着重要作用。文中综述了近10年森林土壤动物生态功能的相关研究进展，包括森林土壤动物对土壤理化性质、微生物、植物的影响以及外来土壤动物入侵对土壤生态系统的影响等；展望了我国森林土壤动物的未来研究方向，未来研究应多关注森林土壤动物生态功能的作用机制、森林土壤动物对全球变化的响应、外来土壤动物入侵对森林生态系统的影响、森林土壤动物种类的研究范围以及新技术的应用，以期为我国森林土壤动物生态功能、土壤动物与生态系统、可持续利用土壤动物等领域研究提供科学参考。     

Composition of clay minerals and their pedogenetic and taxonomic implications for Stagnic Anthrosols derived from different parent materials in Hunan Province,China

Purpose

The aims of this study were to investigate the composition of clay minerals in soils derived from different parent materials and to elucidate how parent materials and pedogenic environment affect the distribution of clay minerals and reveal the implications for pedogenetics and taxonomy in Stagnic Anthrosols.

Materials and methods

Clay mineralogy and physicochemical properties of the Hydragric horizon of Stagnic Anthrosols derived from granite (GR), plate shale (PS), quaternary red clays (QRC), limestone (LS), purple sandy shale (PSS) and fluvial-lacustrine deposit (FLD) located in Hunan Province of China were analysed to explore the relationships between the conditions influencing the formation of the soil and the composition of clay minerals.

Results and discussion

Results indicated that the composition of clay minerals is closely related to both parent material and type of Stagnic Anthrosols: the soils derived from GR, PS and QRC, which are mostly classified as Fe-accumulic-Stagnic Anthrosols, are dominantly 1:1 type kaolinite and vermiculite and illite/vermiculite mixed layer minerals of widespread distribution. However, soils derived from LS, PSS and FLD were mainly classified as Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols and are mainly composed of 2:1 type illite/smectite mixed layer minerals, where chlorite is commonly found. Illite is widely distributed and its content varies the least among different parent materials. An extremely significant relationship between pH and kaolinite, chlorite and mixed layer minerals was noted, and the two kinds of mixed layer minerals showed highly significant negative correlation.

Conclusions

This study revealed that the types and quantities of clay minerals in the soil are closely related to the types of parent material. This reflected better direction and degree of development in Stagnic Anthrosols, which is related to the physicochemical properties of parent material and can be used as one of the bases for the classification of soil groups and subgroups within the soil family for Stagnic Anthrosols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy.